Gum diseases can be categorized into two broad groups, namely gingivitis and periodontitis.
Gingivitis is surely an inflammation from the gingivae (gums) in most ages but manifests with greater frequency in youngsters and adults.
Periodontitis is definitely an inflammation with subsequent destruction from the other tooth-supporting structures, namely the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum and subsequent loss of teeth. This condition mainly manifests during the early mid-life with severity increasing from the elderly.
Gingivitis can or may progress to periodontitis state in the individual.
Gum diseases have been found to get just about the most widespread chronic diseases throughout the world having a prevalence of between 90 and 100 per-cent in adults over 35 yrs . old in developing countries. It has already been shown to be the explanation for loss of tooth in individuals Forty years and above.
Halitosis bad breath is amongst the major consequences of gum diseases.
Some of the terms which can be greatly related to terrible breath and gum diseases are the following:
Dental Plaque- The main requirement for the prevention and treating an ailment is definitely an knowledge of its causes. The principal cause of gum diseases is bacteria, which form a fancy around the tooth surface referred to as plaque. These bacteria’s include the cause of terrible breath.
Dental plaque is bacterial accumulations about the teeth or another solid oral structures. When it’s of sufficient thickness, it seems like being a whitish, yellowish layer mainly over the gum margins around the tooth surface. Its presence can even be discerned by the conventional dye or fluorescent dye (demonstrated by illumination with ultraviolet light), disclosing solution or by scraping the teeth surface across the gum margins.
When plaque is examined underneath the microscope, it reveals a multitude of several types of bacteria. Some desquamated oral epithelial cells and white blood cells are often present. The micro-organisms detected vary based on the site where these are present.
You’ll find gram positive and gram negative organisms, filamentous and flagellated organisms, spirochetes and even just small quantities of even yeasts, mycoplasma and protozoa.
Clean tooth surfaces after brushing are usually covered by a skinny layer of glycoproteins from saliva called pellicle. Pellicle allows for the selective adherence of bacteria towards the tooth surface.
Through the first few hours, the bacteria proliferate to make colonies. Moreover, other organisms will also populate the pellicle from adjacent areas to form a complex accumulation of mixed colonies. The fabric present between the bacteria is known as intermicrobial matrix forming about 25 per cent with the plaque volume. This matrix is especially extra cellular carbohydrate polymers made by the bacteria from dietary sugars; salivary and gingival fluid components; and dying and dead bacteria.
Little plaque are appropriate for gingival or periodontal health. Some people can resist larger quantities of plaque for too long periods without developing destructive periodontitis (inflammation and destruction with the supporting tissues) but they will exhibit gingivitis (inflammation in the gums or gingiva).
Diet And Plaque Formation- Diet may play a significant part in plaque formation by modifying the amount and composition of plaque. More the plaque formation will be, there will be more smelly breath.
Fermentable sugars increase plaque formation because they provide additional energy supply for bacterial metabolic process and also provide the raw materials (substrate) for the manufacture of extra cellular polysaccharides.
Secondary Factors
Although plaque is the primary cause of gum diseases, a number of others deemed secondary factors, local and systemic, predispose towards plaque accumulation or modify the response of gum tissue to plaque. The local factors are:
1) Cavities inside the teeth;
2) Faulty fillings;
3) Food impaction;
4) Poorly designed partial dentures (dentures);
5) Orthodontic appliances;
6) Misaligned teeth;
7) mouth-breathing
8) Grooves on teeth or roots near gum margins;
9) Reduced salivary flow; and,
10) Tobacco smoking.
The systemic factors which potentially modify the gum tissues are:
1) Systemic diseases, e.g. diabetes mellitus, Down’s syndrome, AIDS, blood disorders while others;
2) Hormonal changes – during puberty, pregnancy, contraceptives intake and menopause;
3) Drug reactions, e.g. immunosuppressive drugs, antihypertensive drugs and antiepileptic drugs; and,
4) Dietary and nutritional factors, e.g. protein deficiency and vit c and B deficiency.
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