Gum diseases can be categorized into two broad groups, namely gingivitis and periodontitis.
Gingivitis is surely an inflammation of the gingivae (gums) in all of the ages but manifests more often in children and teenagers.
Periodontitis can be an inflammation with subsequent destruction of the other tooth-supporting structures, namely the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum and subsequent lack of teeth. This problem mainly manifests during the early mid-life with severity increasing from the elderly.
Gingivitis can or may progress to periodontitis state in a individual.
Gum diseases have been found to be one of the most widespread chronic diseases throughout the world having a prevalence which is between 90 and 100 per cent in older adults over 35 years old in developing countries. It’s recently been been shown to be the reason behind loss of teeth in individuals Four decades and above.
Bad breath is among the major consequences of gum diseases.
Some of the terms which might be greatly associated with halitosis bad breath and gum diseases are highlighted below:
Dental Plaque- The essential requirement for the prevention and treatments for an ailment is definitely an idea of its causes. The primary cause of gum diseases is bacteria, which form a complicated on the tooth surface referred to as plaque. These bacteria’s will be the root cause of terrible breath.
Dental plaque is bacterial accumulations about the teeth or any other solid oral structures. When it is of sufficient thickness, seems like as a whitish, yellowish layer mainly down the gum margins for the tooth surface. Its presence can be discerned with a conventional dye or fluorescent dye (demonstrated by illumination with ultraviolet light), disclosing solution or by scraping the teeth surface down the gum margins.
When plaque is examined within the microscope, it reveals many various kinds of bacteria. Some desquamated oral epithelial cells and white blood cells may also be present. The micro-organisms detected vary based on the site where these are present.
You will find gram positive and gram negative organisms, filamentous and flagellated organisms, spirochetes and sometimes even small quantities of even yeasts, mycoplasma and protozoa.
Clean tooth surfaces after brushing are usually paid by a skinny layer of glycoproteins from saliva called pellicle. Pellicle provides for the selective adherence of bacteria to the tooth surface.
In the first couple of hours, the bacteria proliferate to make colonies. In addition, other organisms will also populate the pellicle from adjacent areas to form a complex accumulation of mixed colonies. The pad present relating to the bacteria is called intermicrobial matrix forming about 25 % in the plaque volume. This matrix is mainly extra cellular carbohydrate polymers created by the bacteria from dietary sugars; salivary and gingival fluid components; and dying and dead bacteria.
Small amounts of plaque are compatible with gingival or periodontal health. Many people can resist larger numbers of plaque for too long periods without developing destructive periodontitis (inflammation and destruction with the supporting tissues) whilst they will exhibit gingivitis (inflammation in the gums or gingiva).
Diet And Plaque Formation- Diet may play an important part in plaque formation by modifying the quantity and composition of plaque. More the plaque formation will be, there will be more bad breath.
Fermentable sugars increase plaque formation simply because they provide additional energy supply for bacterial metabolic process also provide the recycleables (substrate) for your creation of extra cellular polysaccharides.
Secondary Factors
Although plaque is the primary cause of gum diseases, numerous others regarded as secondary factors, local and systemic, predispose towards plaque accumulation or modify the response of gum tissue to plaque. The local factors are:
1) Cavities in the teeth;
2) Faulty fillings;
3) Food impaction;
4) Poorly designed partial dentures (false teeth);
5) Orthodontic appliances;
6) Misaligned teeth;
7) mouth-breathing
8) Grooves on teeth or roots near gum margins;
9) Reduced salivary flow; and,
10) Smoking tobacco.
The systemic factors which potentially affect the gum tissues are:
1) Systemic diseases, e.g. diabetes mellitus, Down’s syndrome, AIDS, blood disorders yet others;
2) Hormonal changes – during puberty, pregnancy, contraceptives intake and menopause;
3) Drug reactions, e.g. immunosuppressive drugs, antihypertensive drugs and antiepileptic drugs; and,
4) Dietary and nutritional factors, e.g. protein deficiency and vit c and B deficiency.
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